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Theme colors (or Named Colors) can be used again and again in the document. (As such, they are like styles in a word processor.) Theme colors are used in templates and assure a consistent look of your page elements like buttons or navigation bars. Any edits you make to a Theme color are immediately reflected on all objects and parts of the drawing that use that color. You can also copy Theme colors between documents. If there are any Theme colors already present in the design and you load or paste templates from the Designs gallery containing Theme colors with the same name, you will be asked if you want to match the actual color of the imported Theme colors to the existing ones. The Theme colors from the Templates are consistently named so when you import elements from different themes colors are matched perfectly.
Important: If you just select an object on the page that has a named color applied to it, and alter it with the color editor, this will always turn it into a local color instead of a named color (because it is assumed that if you try to edit the color of the object that's what you mean to do. If you really want to change the named color so this and all occurrences of the color change, then you should do so by editing the named color).